2. General Geography and Oceanography of the Japan Sea

3. Research Cruises and Hydrographic Observations

4. Water Mass Structure and Timescale of Abyssal Circulation

5. Characterization of the Japan Sea by Chemical Tracers
5.1 Dissolved oxygen
5.2 Tritium
5.3 The ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of dissolved oxygen
5.4 Helium isotopes
5.5 Excess ²²²Rn
5.6 Methane and its carbon isotopes
5.7 Man-made persistent perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

6. Temporal Change of the Japan Sea Bottom Water

7. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

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