2. Seafloor Acoustic Ranging
2.1 Overview
2.2 Acoustic ranging system
2.3 Some observed results

3. GPS-Acoustic Geodetic Observations on the Seafloor
3.1 Measurement system
3.2 Post-cruise data processing
3.3 Some important results of GPSA observations before 2011
3.4 GPSA observations related to the Tohoku-oki earthquake
3.5 Ongoing and future research activities

4. Ocean Bottom Pressure Observation
4.1 Instruments and some results of observations
4.2 Ongoing research activities

5. Submarine Gravimetry

6. Summary

Acknowledgments

References

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