2. Laser Induced Incandescence Technique for Ambient BC Measurement
2.1 BC mass
2.2 Selective detection of BC particles
2.3 Physical properties of BC and the calibration of the SP2
2.4 Heated inlet for the calibration of the SP2
2.4.1 Necessity of heating inlet
2.4.2 Laboratory experiments
2.5 Coating thickness
2.5.1 Measurement system
2.5.2 Theoretical framework
2.5.3 Measurements of evaporative particles
2.5.4 Comparison with Mie theory
2.6 Attachment type of BC
2.7 Refractive index of BC

3. Filter-Based Photo-Absorption Technique for BC Mass Concentration
3.1 Filter-based absorption photometers
3.2 Difficulties in estimating B_abs
3.3 BC mass concentration by COSMOS
3.4 Stability of E (SD) and σ_abs
3.5 Effects of mineral dust and light-absorbing organic aerosol on BC measurements
3.6 Consistency and traceability of BC measurements

4. Methods of the Measurement of BC in Rainwater and Snow
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Experimental setup
4.3 PSL number concentration in water
4.4 Laboratory BC samples
4.5 Size-dependent nebulizer efficiency
4.6 Reproducibility
4.7 Loss of BC to the walls of containers
4.8 Overall uncertainty

5. Amplification of the Light Absorption of BC
5.1 Laboratory measurements
5.2 Comparison with Mie theory
5.3 Considerations for field studies

6. Hygroscopicity of BC
6.1 Previous studies
6.2 Hygroscopicity of BC in Tokyo

7. Aging of BC
7.1 Outflow from urban areas
7.1.1 Aircraft observations
7.1.2 Ground-based observations
7.2 Outflow from the Asian continent
7.2.1 Surface observations
7.2.2 Classification of air masses and aerosol concentrations
7.2.3 Size distribution
7.2.4 Mixing state
7.2.5 Internally mixed compounds

8. Wet Deposition of BC
8.1 Total BC mass concentration
8.1.1 A-FORCE aircraft campaign
8.1.2 Transport efficiency of BC during A-FORCE
8.1.3 Uplifted plumes
8.1.4 APT
8.1.5 Wet removal during upward transport
8.2 Size dependence of wet removal
8.2.1 Nucleation scavenging
8.2.2 Characterization of air masses
8.2.3 Changes in BC size distribution

9. Size and BC Mixing State Resolved Bin Model
9.1 Previous studies
9.2 MS-resolved WRF-chem model

10. Long-Term BC Observations at Hedo
10.1 Observations of BC and CO
10.2 Variations of BC and CO
10.3 ΔBC/ΔCO ratios

11. Estimates of BC Emissions in East Asia
11.1 Previous studies and new methodology
11.2 Reference emission inventory
11.3 Emission rate of BC from China

12. Long-Term BC Observations at Happo
12.1 Observations
12.2 Origins of air masses
12.3 Effects of local emissions
12.4 Seasonal variation of BC
12.5 Upward transport, wet deposition, and biomass burning

13. Observations of Wet Deposition of BC at Hedo
13.1 Previous studies
13.2 Model estimate of BC wet deposition
13.3 Seasonal variations of BC wet deposition

14. Comparison of Surface BC Data with Model Calculations
14.1 Seasonal variations
14.2 Transport of biomass burning plumes

15. Vertical Transport Mechanisms of BC
15.1 Previous studies
15.2 Vertical profiles of BC and TE
15.3 Vertical transport
15.4 Export of BC

16. Transport of BC to the Arctic
16.1 Climate effects of aerosols in the Arctic
16.2 ARCTAS observations
16.3 Transport of BC from the Asian continent to the Arctic
16.3.1 Source regions
16.3.2 Transport of BC in spring
16.3.3 Seasonal variations of BC

17. Biomass Burning as Sources of BC in the Arctic
17.1 Measurements of BB plumes
17.2 Modified combustion efficiency
17.3 Size distributions and mixing state
17.4 Chemical composition of aerosols
17.5 Emission ratios
17.6 Evolution of the mixing state of BC

18. BC in Urban Regions
18.1 BC in Tokyo
18.1.1 Diurnal and seasonal variations
18.1.2 Long-term trend
18.2 BC in Beijing
18.3 BC in Bangkok
18.3.1 Measurements and meteorological conditions
18.3.2 Diurnal and seasonal variations
18.3.3 Comparison with other urban areas in Asia

19. Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth (AAOD) Closure
19.1 Previous studies
19.2 A-FORCE comparison

20. Direct Radiative Forcing of BC
20.1 Global radiative forcing
20.2 Regional scale radiative forcing

21. Summary and Perspectives
21.1 Summary
21.2 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

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